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- Network Working Group IETF-OSI Working Group
- Request for Comments: 1139 R. Hagens
- January 1990
-
-
- An Echo Function for ISO 8473
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo defines an echo function for the connection-less network
- layer protocol. This memo is not intended to compete with an ISO
- standard. This is a Proposed Elective Standard for the Internet.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo defines an echo function for the connection-less network
- layer protocol. Two mechanisms are introduced that may be used to
- implement the echo function. The first mechanism is recommended as
- an interim solution for the Internet community. The second mechanism
- will be progressed to the ANSI X3S3.3 working group for consideration
- as a work item.
-
- When an ISO standard is adopted that provides functionality similar
- to that described by this memo, then this memo will become obsolete
- and superceded by the ISO standard.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The OSI Connection-less network layer protocol (ISO 8473) defines a
- means for transmitting and relaying data and error report PDUs
- through an OSI internet. Unfortunately, the world that these packets
- travel through is imperfect. Gateways and links may fail. This memo
- defines an echo function to be used in the debugging and testing of
- the OSI network layer.
-
- Network management protocols can be used to determine the state of a
- gateway or link. However, since these protocols themselves utilize a
- protocol that may experience packet loss, it cannot be guaranteed
- that the network management applications can be utilized. A simple
- mechanism in the network layer is required so that systems can be
- probed to determine if the lowest levels of the networking software
- are operating correctly. This mechanism is not intended to compete
- with or replace network management; rather it should be viewed as an
- addition to the facilities offered by network management.
-
- There are three important issues to consider when defining an echo
- extension to ISO 8473: complexity, code-path divergence, and backward
-
-
-
- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1139 An Echo Function for ISO 8473 January 1990
-
-
- compatibility. The complexity of the echo facility must be kept low.
- If it is not, then there is a good chance that the facility will not
- be universally provided. The code-path consideration requires that
- the echo path through a system is identical (or very close) to the
- path used by normal data. An echo path must succeed and fail in
- unison with the normal data path or else it will not provide a useful
- diagnostic tool.
-
- Backward compatibility is an important consideration whenever a
- change is made to a protocol. For this reason, this memo defines two
- implementation mechanisms: the short term approach and the long term
- approach. The short term approach will produce echo packets that are
- indistinguishable from normal data ISO 8473 PDUs. These echo packets
- may be switched through ISO 8473 routers that do not implement the
- echo function. The short term approach will be adopted as an
- Elective Internet Standard because it is backward compatible with ISO
- 8473. However, due to its nature, the short term approach will never
- be incorporated into future versions of ISO 8473.
-
- The long term approach will produce echo packets that are not
- compatible with the existing standard. However, the long term
- approach may be acceptable by ISO as an addendum to ISO 8473. In
- this event, backward compatibility will no longer be an issue. At
- that juncture, the short term approach defined by this memo will be
- obsolete and superseded by the ISO addendum.
-
- 2. The Generic Echo Function
-
- The following section will describe the echo function in a generic
- fashion. This memo defines an echo-request entity. The function of
- the echo-request entity is to accept an incoming echo-request PDU,
- perform some processing, and generate an echo-reply PDU. Depending
- on the echo implementation, the echo-request entity may be thought of
- as an entity that exists above the network layer, or as an entity
- that co-exists with the network layer. Subsequent sections will
- detail the short and long term implementation mechanisms.
-
- For the purposes of this memo, the term "ping" shall be used to mean
- the act of transmitting an echo-request PDU to a remote system (with
- the expectation that an echo-reply PDU will be sent back to the
- transmitter).
-
- 2.1 The Echo Request
-
- When a system decides to ping a remote system, an echo-request is
- built. All fields of the PDU header are assigned normal values
- (see implementation specific sections for more information). The
- address of the system to be pinged is inserted as the destination
-
-
-
- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1139 An Echo Function for ISO 8473 January 1990
-
-
- NSAP address. The rules of segmentation defined for a DT PDU also
- apply to the echo-request PDU.
-
- The echo-request is switched through the network toward its
- destination. Upon reaching the destination system, the PDU is
- processed according to normal processing rules. At the end of the
- input processing, the echo-request PDU is delivered to the echo-
- request entity.
-
- The echo-request entity will build and dispatch the echo-reply
- PDU. This is a new PDU. Except as noted below, this second PDU
- is built using the normal construction procedures. The
- destination address of the echo-reply PDU is taken from the source
- address of the echo-request PDU. Most options present in the
- echo-request PDU are copied into the echo-reply PDU (see
- implementation notes for more information).
-
- 2.2 The Echo Reply
-
- The entire echo-request PDU is included in the data portion of the
- echo-reply PDU. This includes the echo-request PDU header as well
- as the any data that accompanies the echo-request PDU. The entire
- echo-request PDU is included in the echo-reply so that fields such
- as the echo-request lifetime may be examined when the reply is
- received. After the echo-reply PDU is built, it is transmitted
- toward the new destination (the original source of the echo-
- request). The rules of segmentation defined for a DT PDU also
- apply to the echo-reply PDU.
-
- The echo-reply PDU is relayed through the network toward its
- destination. Upon reaching its destination, it is processed by
- the PDU input function and delivered to the entity that created
- the echo-request.
-
- 3. The Short Term Implementation Mechanism
-
- The short term implementation mechanism will use an ISO 8473 normal
- data PDU as the echo-request and echo-reply PDU. A special NSAP
- selector value will be used to identify the echo-request and insure
- that it reaches the echo-request entity. This selector value is
- known as the echo-request selector. In addition, an echo-reply
- selector is defined so that the echo-reply PDU may be identified at
- the destination system. It is important to note that (except for the
- NSAP selector) the echo-request PDU and the echo-reply PDU are
- indistinguishable from a DT PDU.
-
- This approach has the advantage that it is simple and does not allow
- any code-path divergence. In addition, this approach requires that
-
-
-
- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1139 An Echo Function for ISO 8473 January 1990
-
-
- only the systems which wish to generate an echo-reply PDU must
- change. Systems that do not adhere to this memo will not generate an
- echo-reply PDU, but will still switch other echo-request and echo-
- reply PDUs.
-
- 3.1 The Echo Request
-
- An echo-request is built using the normal DT PDU construction
- procedures. All fields of the PDU header are assigned normal
- values (see implementation notes). The address of the system to
- be pinged is inserted as the destination NSAP address. The
- selector field of the destination NSAP address must contain the
- echo-request selector. The selector field of the source NSAP
- address must contain the echo-reply selector.
-
- 3.2 The Echo Reply
-
- Except as noted below (see implementation notes), an echo-reply is
- built using the normal DT PDU construction procedures. The
- destination NSAP address is taken from the source address of the
- echo-request PDU.
-
- 3.3 Use of NSAP Selectors
-
- The choice of echo-request and echo-reply NSAP selectors is a
- local matter. However, to insure interoperability, and as an
- interim measure until use of the directory service becomes
- widespread, this memo will recommend the following default values
- (specified in decimal):
-
- Echo Request Selector - 30
- Echo Reply Selector - 31
-
- 4. The Long Term Implementation Mechanism
-
- The long term implementation mechanism will define two new 8473 PDU
- types: ERQ (echo-request) and ERP (echo-reply). With the exception
- of a new type code, these PDUs will be identical to the DT PDU in
- every respect.
-
- 4.1 The Echo Request
-
- The type code for the ERQ PDU is decimal 30.
-
- 4.2 The Echo Reply
-
- The type code for the ERP PDU is decimal 31.
-
-
-
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- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 4]
-
- RFC 1139 An Echo Function for ISO 8473 January 1990
-
-
- 5. Implementation Notes
-
- The following notes are an integral part of memo. It is important
- that implementors take heed of these points.
-
- 5.1 Discarding PDUs
-
- The rules used for discarding a DT PDU (8473, sec 6.9 - sec 6.10)
- are applied when an echo-request or echo-reply is discarded.
-
- 5.2 Error Report Flag
-
- The error report flag may be set on the echo-request PDU, the
- echo-reply PDU, or both. If an echo-request is discarded, the
- associated ER PDU will be sent to the echo-request source address
- on the originating machine. If an echo-reply is discarded, the
- associated ER PDU will be sent to the echo-reply source address.
- In general, this will be the address of the echo-request entity.
- It should be noted that the echo-request entity and the originator
- of the echo-request PDU are not required to process ER PDUs.
-
- 5.3 Use of the Lifetime Field
-
- The lifetime field of the echo-request and echo-reply PDU should
- be set to the value normally used for a DT PDU. Note: although
- this memo does not prohibit the generation of a PDU with a
- smaller-than-normal lifetime field, this memo explicitly does not
- attempt to define a mechanism for varying the lifetime field set
- in the echo-reply PDU. This memo recommends that the normal DT
- lifetime value should be set in the echo-request and echo-reply
- PDU.
-
- 5.4 Transfer of Options from the echo-request
- PDU to the echo-reply PDU
-
- With two exceptions, all options present in the echo-request
- header are copied directly into the echo-reply header. The two
- exceptions are the record route option and the source route
- option. A record route option present in an echo-request PDU is
- copied into the echo-reply PDU, but the routes recorded in the
- option are "erased" by resetting the second octet of the option to
- 3. This allows the entire record route option space to be used by
- the echo-reply PDU. Note: the record route present on the echo-
- request is not lost because the echo-request PDU is wholly
- contained in the data part of the echo-reply PDU.
-
- The second exception concerns the source route option. A source
- route option present on the echo-request PDU is not copied into
-
-
-
- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 5]
-
- RFC 1139 An Echo Function for ISO 8473 January 1990
-
-
- the echo-reply PDU.
-
- 5.5 Use of the Priority Option
-
- If the priority option is included, it will normally be set to
- value 0 (default priority). This memo allows for priority values
- higher than 0 to be set in the echo-request or echo-reply header,
- but cautions against this practice.
-
- 5.6 Use of the Source Route Option
-
- Use of the source route option in ISO 8473 may cause packets to
- loop until their lifetime expires. For this reason, this memo
- recommends against the use of the source route option in either an
- echo-request or echo-reply PDU. If the source route option is
- used to specify the route that the echo-request PDU takes toward
- its destination, this memo does not recommend the use of an
- automatically generated source route on the echo-reply PDU.
-
- 5.7 Transmission of Multiple Echo Requests
-
- The echo function may be utilized by more than one process on any
- individual machine. The mechanism by which multiple echo-requests
- and echo-replies are correlated between multiple processes on a
- single machine is a local matter and not defined by this memo.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Robert A. Hagens
- Computer Science Department
- 1210 West Dayton Street
- Madison, WI 53706
-
- Phone: (608) 262-1204
-
- EMail: hagens@CS.WISC.EDU
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- IETF-OSI Working Group [Page 6]
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